Nanotechnology is revolutionising light control through metasurfaces—ultrathin optical components made from nanoscale structures. Despite their tiny size, they offer performance comparable to traditional optics. However, their static nature limits adaptability. Researchers are now developing tunable metasurfaces that respond to external stimuli such as electric fields or temperature, enabling real-time optical control for advanced applications like adaptive sensors, dynamic displays, and compact modulators.

In this talk, I will introduce three distinct tuning mechanisms—electrical modulation, thermal tuning, and optical pumping—for dynamic control of light using high-performance dielectric materials such as lithium niobate (LN) and gallium arsenide (GaAs). These mechanisms enable active manipulation of key optical properties, including amplitude, phase, and polarisation, at subwavelength resolution. I will present a range of carefully engineered meta-atom designs tailored to each tuning method, along with experimental demonstrations highlighting their efficiency, response time, and spectral tunability.

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